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As Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, What Can the President Do?

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Caput and Commander-in-Principal
of the British Armed Forces
Commander-in-chief role
MinistryofDefence.svg

Badge of the British Armed Forces
Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg

Currently
Elizabeth 2
since 1952
British Military machine
Vested in Monarch of the United kingdom
Fashion Her Majesty
Formation 1707 Matrimony of Scotland and England

The Caput of the British Armed Forces,[ane] [two] also known every bit Commander-in-Principal of the British Military,[3] [4] [v] [half dozen] refers to the supreme control authority of the British War machine, a military office vested in the monarch of the United kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth Two. Nether British constitutional law the command and regime of the British armed forces is vested in the Queen and every bit such she holds the highest function in the military chain of command.[7] The authority to outcome orders and give commands to military machine personnel is delegated by the Queen to her commanders in the Field; however, she does retain the right to issue orders personally.

Military Adjuration of allegiance [edit]

Before joining the military all recruits of the British Armed forces (other than Ratings and Officers in the Imperial Navy and Officers in the Majestic Marines[8]) must take the following oath:

I... swear by Omnipotent God (practice solemnly, and truly declare and assert) that I will be faithful and behave true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth 2, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will, as in duty leap, honestly and faithfully defend Her Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, in Person, Crown and Dignity confronting all enemies, and volition discover and obey all orders of Her Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, and of the Full general Officers (Air Officers if entering the RAF) and officers set over me. [7]

Long-standing ramble convention, nevertheless, has vested de facto executive authority, by the do of Purple Prerogative, in the Prime Minister and Her Majesty's Secretarial assistant of Country for Defence force. The Prime number Minister (acting with the Cabinet) makes the key political decisions on the apply of the military machine.[ix]

The Queen, however, remains the supreme say-so of the armed forces.[ii] Every bit Commander-in-Chief the Queen closely follows developments in the armed forces and the security services. She regularly receives the calendar in advance of all chiffonier meetings and its committees, particularly the national security committee.[10] She also receives the minutes of the meetings of all of these committees and all chiffonier documents.[11]

The Queen regularly receives the Secretarial assistant of State for Defence in audience to discuss Defence documents and policies; if she requires, her Individual Secretary can seek additional data from Defence departments.[12] Her Majesty too receives regular reports from the Chief of the General Staff, the Commencement Body of water Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, and the Chief of Air Staff that cover all important developments in military matters.[13] Her Majesty further receives the Chief of the Defense force Staff in audition to discuss tri-service military matters.[xi]

Duties and Functions [edit]

Elizabeth II in military uniform

In her capacity as Commander in Master of the Armed Forces the Queen exercises the post-obit powers, duties and functions on the advice of Her Majesty's Cabinet:[14] [fifteen]

Powers relating to armed forces, war and times of emergency

  • Correct to make war or peace or plant hostilities falling curt of war
  • Deployment and utilize of armed forces overseas
  • Maintenance of the Royal Navy
  • Use of the armed forces inside the UK to maintain the peace in support of the police or otherwise in back up of civilian authorities (due east.g. to maintain essential services during a strike)
  • The government and control of the armed forces is vested in Her Majesty
  • Control, organisation and disposition of armed forces
  • Requisition of British ships in times of urgent national necessity
  • Commissioning of officers in all three armed forces
  • Military pay
  • Crown's right to merits Prize (enemy ships or goods captured at body of water)
  • Regulation of trade with the enemy
  • Crown's right of angary, in time of war, to appropriate the property of a neutral which is within the realm, where necessity requires
  • Powers in the upshot of a grave national emergency, including those to enter upon, take and destroy private belongings

Defence Services Secretary of the Royal Household [edit]

The Defence Services Secretary is an officer of the Royal Household. The DSS is appointed by Majestic Warrant from the three Services on a rotational basis.[16] The current occupant is Rear Admiral James Norman Macleod. He is the primary channel of communication between the Monarch, in her chapters as Commander-in-Master of the War machine, and the officers and commands of the British Military. His office provides the Monarch with the data and documentation related to defense force affairs that she requires to perform her military functions. The role was created in 1964 past the Queen every bit part of the centralization of military affairs into a unmarried defence ministry. The DSS maintains a direct link with the offices of the chiefs of staff of the Regular army, Navy and Air Force.[17] The Defence Services Secretary is responsible to the Queen, the Secretary of State for Defence and the Principal of the Defense Staff for tri-service armed services appointments and works with the Military Secretary, the Air Secretary and Naval Secretary. He submits the names of the officers nominated for promotion to the Queen through her private secretary. The Queen makes appointments to the ranks of rear-admiral, major-full general, air vice-marshal and in a higher place directly.[seven]

The Queen and War machine Appointments [edit]

Under the Queen's regulations for the Army, Navy and Air Forcefulness, the Monarch is responsible for making a big number of appointments to senior armed services posts. Currently the Commander-in-Chief approves appointments at the ii-star level and up. The names of the officers appointed to these and other posts in the armed forces are regularly published by the Ministry of Defense force.[eighteen] [19]

Most military appointments are issued in the form of Letters Patent or a Royal Warrant, both are forms by which the purple volition is expressed.[20] The Defense Council of United Kingdom is created by Messages Patent that also set out its powers and membership.[7] The Queen signs a royal warrant directing the effect of the Letters Patent and ordering the Great Seal of The Realm to exist affixed to them. Letters patent are the most formal method of date and are used infrequently.[20]

The more frequent and simplest method of appointment is by Royal warrant signed past the Queen and her Secretary of Country for Defense force. The Secretarial assistant of State first makes an informal submission of the name of a candidate, after the Queen has signified her approval the Defence Ministry prepares the formal Warrant of Appointment. The Warrants (alongside all other Defence force documentation) are sent at the end of each weekday to the Queen's Private Secretary by Acceleration box.[21] The Queen and the Secretarial assistant of Country for Defense then sign the warrant.[16]

The Queen and the Ministry building of Defense [edit]

The Ministry building of Defense force is the highest level war machine headquarters charged with formulating and executing defence policy for the Armed Forces; information technology employed 57,000 civilians in Oct 2017.[22]

The command potency of the Armed Forces flows from the Queen, in her capacity as commander-in-principal of the Military, to the diverse officers and councils of the defense ministry building. The Monarch appoints the members of these committees to practice twenty-four hours-to-twenty-four hours administration of Her Majesty'due south Armed Forces. The committees are the Defense force Council, the Ground forces Board, the Navy Board, the Air Forcefulness Board, the Defence Lath[23] and the Chiefs of Staffs Committee. The Defence Council, equanimous of senior representatives of the services and the Ministry building of Defence force, provides the "formal legal basis for the conduct of defence" and is chaired by the Defence Secretary.[24] [25]

The Queen and the Naval, Military and Air command Staffs [edit]

Each service branch of the Armed Forces maintains its ain control staff that administers the affairs of its service.[18] The staffs receive their authority to act and to exercise command and control over their units from the Queen and her Defence Council.[vii]

Until 2012 each of the three services also had ane or more commands with a (four-star) commander-in-chief in charge of operations. These were, latterly: Commander-in-Chief Fleet (CINCFLEET – sharing a Control HQ with Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Control (CINCNAVHOME)), Commander-in-Chief, Land Forces (CINCLAND) and Commander-in-Main Air (CINCAIR). (At in one case there were many more Naval, Military and Air Commands, each with (in many cases) their own Commanders-in-Main.) Since 2012, notwithstanding, full operational command has been vested in the 3 Chiefs of Staff, and the appointment of distinct Commanders-in-Chief has been discontinued. This change was implemented in response to the 2011 Levene study, which advised that information technology would serve to "streamline top-level decision-making, simplify lines of accountability... remove duplication between the posts and also provide impetus to the leaning of the senior leadership".[26]

Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda [edit]

In the colonies of the English Empire, and later on the British Empire, the duties of lords-lieutenant were generally performed past the commander-in-chief or the governor. Both offices may accept been occupied by the aforementioned person. Attempts to rekindle the militia without a Militia Act or funds from the colonial regime were made throughout the 19th century under the authorisation of the governor and commander-in-main, but none proved lasting. The colonial government was finally compelled to raise militia and volunteer forces (the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Volunteer Burglarize Corps by human activity in the 1890s (the Bermuda Buck Corps, Bermuda Volunteer Engineers, and Bermuda Militia Infantry were added at later dates), and these cruel nether the governor and commander-in-principal, every bit well as under operational control of his junior, the brigadier in accuse of the Bermuda Command (or Bermuda Garrison, which included the regular equally well as the part-fourth dimension military (as opposed to naval) forces in the colony. Although the Royal Naval and the regular regular army establishments have been withdrawn from Bermuda, the Governor of Bermuda remains the commander-in-chief (though nearly recent officeholders have not been career army officers) of the Royal Bermuda Regiment (a 1965 constructing of the BMA and BVRC, which had both been re-organised in line with the Territorial Army after the Kickoff World War).[27] [28]

See as well [edit]

  • Colonel-in-Chief
  • Commander-in-principal
  • British Empire

References [edit]

  1. ^ Kirsty.Oram (nine January 2017). "The Queen and the Armed Forces". The Majestic Family . Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Whose hand is on the button?". 2 Dec 2008. Retrieved nineteen August 2020.
  3. ^ "Prince Charles promoted to height military rank". Times of Malta . Retrieved 2 Baronial 2020.
  4. ^ "The Queen talks to military machine personnel in her 2nd video phone call • The Crown Chronicles". The Crown Chronicles. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 1 Baronial 2020.
  5. ^ "A bulletin from Her Majesty The Queen on Armed Forces 24-hour interval". The Imperial Family unit. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  6. ^ "The Queen'southward heartfelt thank you to military personnel and veterans on Armed Forces Solar day - read in total". HELLO!. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e "The Queens Regulations for the Army" (PDF). Ministry of Defence . Retrieved vii July 2020.
  8. ^ "Commanding officers guide (manual of service law: JSP 830 volume one), Affiliate 18" (PDF). www.gov.uk. 31 January 2011. Retrieved xix Dec 2016.
  9. ^ Governance of Britain, July 2007. Retrieved on 12 May 2013.
  10. ^ Publisher HMSO. Aspects of U.k., the monarchy.
  11. ^ a b Hardman, Robert. A year with the Queen.
  12. ^ Aspects of Britain, the monarchy. HMSO. p. 27.
  13. ^ Aspects of Britain, the monarchy. HMSO. pp. 29, 30.
  14. ^ "Mystery lifted on Queen'south powers". The Guardian. 21 October 2003. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  15. ^ Review of the Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Study, Ministry of Justice, October 2009, page 32, Retrieved on 12 May 2013.
  16. ^ a b The Purple Encyclopedia. Macmillan Printing. p. 23.
  17. ^ The Regal Encyclopedia. McMillan press. pp. 141, 142.
  18. ^ a b "Ministry of Defense force". GOV.UK . Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Ministry of Defence and Tri-Service senior appointments" (PDF) . Retrieved xxx July 2020.
  20. ^ a b The Majestic Encyclopedia. Macmillan Press. pp. 312, 487, 23.
  21. ^ The Royal Encyclopedia. Macmillan Printing. p. 56.
  22. ^ "Data" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  23. ^ "Our governance". GOV.UK . Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  24. ^ Defence Organization, modern.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
  25. ^ Defense Quango and Chief of the Defence Staff, armedforces.co.great britain
  26. ^ "An contained study into the structure and direction of the Ministry building of Defence" (PDF).
  27. ^ travis.smith-simons (3 March 2016). "The Governor of Bermuda". world wide web.gov.bm.
  28. ^ "The Good Governor. Biographic article on Major Full general Sir William Reid KCB, FRS, Governor and Commander-in-Main of Bermuda from 1839 to 1846. The Bermudian magazine". Archived from the original on fourteen November 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2018.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_British_Armed_Forces

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